Specific receptors in the immune cells detect and generate responses to defend against the virus that causes COVID-19 — SARS-COV-2 — when it infects the body, according to University of Maine immunology expert Mumtaz Yaseen Balkhi.

Using several recent studies involving human samples, cell line and nonhuman primate models, Yaseen Balkhi, an assistant research professor with the UMaine Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, wrote a review article and model detailing innate, or frontline, and adaptive immune responses to the virus that spurred a global pandemic. 

The article, published in Molecular Immunology, particularly focuses on the mechanisms leading to excessive proinflammatory cytokine release and attenuation of type-I-Interferons seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected severe cases of COVID-19 patients. 

Yaseen Balkhi also explains the mechanism leading to an increase in the expression of the cell receptor that allows the virus to attach to and infect human cells, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). His review article provides new data about how T-cell responses in SARS-COV-2, and elaborates “on adaptive and memory responses generated against” the virus. 

Using a heat-inactivated version of SARS-COV-2, its total RNA genome and its expression vectors in primary human epithelial or innate immune cells can reveal how the immune system detects the virus and signals infected and other immune cells to create the necessary antiviral proteins to defend against it, Yaseen Balkhi says. They can also help researchers explore additional mechanisms that regulate the expression of ACE2 in airway epithelial cells.   

“This article presents several new ideas based on understanding gained over the course of the pandemic about how the human immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients,” Yaseen Balkhi says. “These ideas can potentially help further understanding about our ability to defend against SARS-CoV-2.”  

In addition to teaching courses at UMaine, Yaseen Balkhi has an additional appointment as an assistant professor from Tufts University School of Medicine and serves as scientific director of IT Bio, a Boston-based firm he co-founded that designs new anti-exhaustion therapies for cancer and chronic viral infection treatment. 

 
About the University of Maine:

The University of Maine, founded in Orono in 1865, is the state's land grant, sea grant and space grant university. It is located on Marsh Island in the homeland of the Penobscot Nation. As Maine's flagship public university, UMaine has a statewide mission of teaching, research and economic development, and community service. UMaine is the state's only public research university and among the most comprehensive higher education institutions in the Northeast. It attracts students from all 50 states and more than 75 countries. UMaine currently enrolls 11,741 undergraduate and graduate students who have opportunities to participate in groundbreaking research with world-class scholars. UMaine offers more than 100 degree programs through which students can earn master's, doctoral or professional science master's degrees, as well as graduate certificates. The university promotes environmental stewardship, with substantial efforts campuswide to conserve energy, recycle and adhere to green building standards in new construction. For more information about UMaine, visit umaine.edu.